section .data hello: db 'Hello world!',10 ; 'Hello world!' plus a linefeed character helloLen: equ $-hello ; Length of the 'Hello world!' string hello1: db "it's a beautiful good morning",10 helloLen1: equ $-hello1 hello2: db "such a pleasant weather",10 helloLen2: equ $-hello2 hello3: db "have a wonderful day!",10 helloLen3: equ $-hello3 hello4: db "lets enjoy the day!",10 helloLen4: equ $-hello4 section .text global _start _start: mov eax,4 ; The system call for write (sys_write) mov ebx,1 ; File descriptor 1 - standard output mov ecx,hello ; Put the offset of hello in ecx mov edx,helloLen ; helloLen is a constant, so we don't need to say ; mov edx,[helloLen] to get it's actual value int 80h ; Call the kernel mov eax,4 ; The system call for write (sys_write) mov ebx,1 ; File descriptor 1 - standard output mov ecx,hello1 ; Put the offset of hello in ecx mov edx,helloLen1 ; helloLen is a constant, so we don't need to say ; mov edx,[helloLen] to get it's actual value int 80h ;call the kernel mov eax,4 ; The system call for write (sys_write) mov ebx,1 ; File descriptor 1 - standard output mov ecx,hello2 ; Put the offset of hello in ecx mov edx,helloLen2 ; helloLen is a constant, so we don't need to say ; mov edx,[helloLen] to get it's actual value int 80h ; call the kernel mov eax,4 ; The system call for write (sys_write) mov ebx,1 ; File descriptor 1 - standard output mov ecx,hello3 ; Put the offset of hello in ecx mov edx,helloLen3 ; helloLen is a constant, so we don't need to say ; mov edx,[helloLen] to get it's actual value int 80h ; call the kernel mov eax,4 ; The system call for write (sys_write) mov ebx,1 ; File descriptor 1 - standard output mov ecx,hello4 ; Put the offset of hello in ecx mov edx,helloLen4 ; helloLen is a constant, so we don't need to say ; mov edx,[helloLen] to get it's actual value int 80h ; call the kernel mov eax,1 ; The system call for exit (sys_exit) mov ebx,0 ; Exit with return "code" of 0 (no error) int 80h;
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret