.model small .data a dw 1234H b dw 0100H .code mov ax, @data ; Initialize data section mov ds, ax mov ax, a ; Load number1 in ax mov bx, b ; Load number2 in bx mul bx ; multiply numbers. Result in dx and ax mov si, ax mov bx, dx ; Result in reg bx mov dh, 2 l1: mov ch, 04h ; Count of digits to be displayed mov cl, 04h ; Count to roll by 4 bits l2: rol bx, cl ; roll bl so that msb comes to lsb mov dl, bl ; load dl wth data to be displayed and dl, 0fH ; get only lsb cmp dl, 09 ; check if digit is 0-9 or letter A-F jbe l4 add dl, 07 ; if letter add 37H else only add 30H l4: add dl, 30H mov ah, 02 ; Function 2 under INT 21H (Display character) int 21H dec ch ; Decrement Count jnz l2 dec dh cmp dh, 0 mov bx, si jnz l1 mov ah, 4cH ; Terminate Program int 21H end
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret