data SEGMENT; Define string hello DB 'Hello World$' hello2 DB 'See you!$' newline DB 13,10,'$'; define a newline string data ENDS code SEGMENT ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA start: MOV AX,data MOV DS,AX MOV AH, 01H; Set parameter 01H for AH INT 21h INT 21h; Execute the 01H function set in AH: Enter a value into AL SUB AL,48; Subtract 48 from the obtained value, and the value of '0' in ASCII is 48 MOV CL, AL; Assign AL to CL MOV AH,09H; Set parameter 09H for AH L5: LEA DX, newline; Point DX to the string newline INT 21h Execute the function of No. 09H in AH and output the string newline LEA DX, hello; Point DX to the string hello INT 21h INT 21h; execute the function of No. 09H in AH, and output the string hello LOOP L5; CX minus one, judge whether CX is zero, if CX is not zero, continue the cycle MOV AX, 4C00H; Set parameter 4C00H for AX INT 21h INT 21h; execute the 4C00H function in AH to end the program code ENDS END start
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret