section .data

    ; Messages

    msg1        db      10,'-Calculator-',10,0
    lmsg1       equ     $ - msg1

    msg2        db      10,'Number 1: ',0
    lmsg2       equ     $ - msg2

    msg3        db      'Number 2: ',0
    lmsg3       equ     $ - msg3

    msg4        db      10,'1. Add',10,0
    lmsg4       equ     $ - msg4

    msg5        db      '2. Subtract',10,0
    lmsg5       equ     $ - msg5

    msg6        db      '3. Multiply',10,0
    lmsg6       equ     $ - msg6

    msg7        db      '4. Divide',10,0
    lmsg7       equ     $ - msg7

    msg8        db      'Operation: ',0
    lmsg8       equ     $ - msg8

    msg9        db      10,'Result: ',0
    lmsg9       equ     $ - msg9

    msg10       db      10,'Invalid Option',10,0
    lmsg10      equ     $ - msg10

    nlinea      db      10,10,0
    lnlinea     equ     $ - nlinea

section .bss

    ; Spaces reserved for storing the values ​​provided by the user.

    opc:        resb    2
    num1:       resb    2
    num2:       resb    2
    result:     resb    2

section .text

    global _start

_start:

    ; Print on screen the message 1
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, msg1
    mov edx, lmsg1
    int 80h

    ; Print on screen the message 2
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, msg2
    mov edx, lmsg2
    int 80h

    ; We get num1 value.
    mov eax, 3
    mov ebx, 0
    mov ecx, num1
    mov edx, 2
    int 80h

    ; Print on screen the message 3
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, msg3
    mov edx, lmsg3
    int 80h

    ; We get num2 value.
    mov eax, 3
    mov ebx, 0
    mov ecx, num2
    mov edx, 2
    int 80h

    ; Print on screen the message 4
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, msg4
    mov edx, lmsg4
    int 80h

    ; Print on screen the message 5
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, msg5
    mov edx, lmsg5
    int 80h

    ; Print on screen the message 6
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, msg6
    mov edx, lmsg6
    int 80h

    ; Print on screen the message 7
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, msg7
    mov edx, lmsg7
    int 80h

    ; Print on screen the message 8
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, msg8
    mov edx, lmsg8
    int 80h

    ; We get the option selected.
    mov ebx,0
    mov ecx,opc
    mov edx,2
    mov eax,3
    int 80h

    mov ah, [opc]       ; Move the selected option to the registry ah
    sub ah, '0'     ; Convert from ascii to decimal

    ; We compare the value entered by the user to know what operation to perform.

    cmp ah, 1
    je add
    cmp ah, 2
    je subtract
    cmp ah, 3
    je multiply
    cmp ah, 4
    je divide

    ; If the value entered by the user does not meet any of the above
    ; conditions then we show an error message and we close the program.
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, msg10
    mov edx, lmsg10
    int 80h

    jmp exit

add:
    ; We keep the numbers in the registers al and bl
    mov al, [num1]
    mov bl, [num2]

    ; Convert from ascii to decimal
    sub al, '0'
    sub bl, '0'

    ; Add
    add al, bl

    ; Conversion from decimal to ascii
    add al, '0'

    ; We move the result
    mov [result], al

    ; Print on screen the message 9
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, msg9
    mov edx, lmsg9
    int 80h

    ; Print on screen the result
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, result
    mov edx, 2
    int 80h

    ; We end the program
    jmp exit

subtract:
    ; We keep the numbers in the registers al and bl
    mov al, [num1]
    mov bl, [num2]

    ; Convert from ascii to decimal
    sub al, '0'
    sub bl, '0'

    ; Subtract
    sub al, bl

    ; Conversion from decimal to ascii
    add al, '0'

    ; We move the result
    mov [result], al

    ; Print on screen the message 9
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, msg9
    mov edx, lmsg9
    int 80h

    ; Print on screen the result
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, result
    mov edx, 1
    int 80h

    ; We end the program
    jmp exit

multiply:

    ; We store the numbers in registers al and bl
    mov al, [num1]
    mov bl, [num2]

    ; Convert from ascii to decimal
    sub al, '0'
    sub bl, '0'

    ; Multiply. AX = AL x BL
    mul bl

    ; Conversion from decimal to ascii
    add ax, '0'

    ; We move the result
    mov [result], ax

    ; Print on screen the message 9
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, msg9
    mov edx, lmsg9
    int 80h

    ; Print on screen the result
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, result
    mov edx, 1
    int 80h

    ; We end the program
    jmp exit

divide:

    ; We store the numbers in registers ax and bx
    mov al, [num1]
    mov bl, [num2]

    mov dx, 0
    mov ah, 0

    ; Convert from ascii to decimall
    sub al, '0'
    sub bl, '0'

    ; Division. AL = AX / BX
    div bl

    ; Conversion from decimal to ascii
    add ax, '0'
    ; We move the result
    mov [result], ax

    ; Print on screen the message 9
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, msg9
    mov edx, lmsg9
    int 80h

    ; Print on screen the result
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, result
    mov edx, 1
    int 80h

    ; We end the program
    jmp exit

exit:
    ; Print on screen two new lines
    mov eax, 4
    mov ebx, 1
    mov ecx, nlinea
    mov edx, lnlinea
    int 80h
    ; End the program
    mov eax, 1
    mov ebx, 0
    int 80h 

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About Assembly

Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.

Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.

Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.

Syntax help

Assembly language usually consists of three sections,

  1. Data section

    To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.

  2. bss section

    To declare variables

  3. text section

    _start specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.

Variables

There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.

1. To allocate storage space to Initialized data

Syntax

variable-name    define-directive    initial-value 
Define DirectiveDescriptionAllocated Space
DBDefine Byte1 byte
DWDefine Word2 bytes
DDDefine Doubleword4 bytes
DQDefine Quadword8 bytes
DTDefine Ten Bytes10 bytes

2. To allocate storage space to un-initialized data

Define DirectiveDescription
RESBReserve a Byte
RESWReserve a Word
RESDReserve a Doubleword
RESQReserve a Quadword
RESTReserve a Ten Bytes

Constants

Constants can be defined using

1. equ

  • To define numeric constants
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value

2. %assign

  • To define numeric constants.
%assign constant_name value

3. %define

  • To define numeric or string constants.
%define constant_name value

Loops

Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.

mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1

where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.

Procedures

Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.

procedure_name:
   ;procedure body
   ret