.386 .model flat,stdcall .stack 4096 ExitProcess PROTO,dwExitCode:DWORD .data .code main PROC ;movzx example mov eax,0FFFFFFFFh ;fills eax with all F mov ebx,0FFFFFFFFh ;fills ebx with all F mov ecx,0FFFFFFFFh ;fills ecx with all F mov bx,1234h ;moves 0x1234 to bx movzx eax,bx ;moves 0x00001234 to eax movzx edx,bx ;moves 0x00001234 to edx ;movsx example mov eax,011111111h ;fills eax with all 1 mov ebx,011111111h ;fills eax with all 1 mov ecx,011111111h ;fills eax with all 1 mov bx,0ABABh ;moves 0xABAB movsx eax,bx ;moves 0xFFFFABAB to eax movsx edx,bx ;moves 0xFFFFABAB to edx INVOKE ExitProcess,0 main ENDP END main
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret