<f>: 0: mov eax,DWORD PTR [esp+0x4] ;defind 4 B 4: bswap eax ;revers the the 4 B 6: mov edx,eax ; copy it to edx 8: and eax,0xf0f0f0f ; the fiest one ((and with 1111000011110000111100001111)) d: and edx,0xf0f0f0f0 ; the ((11110000111100001111000011110000)) 13: shr edx,0x4; shaft the value rghite 4B 16: shl eax,0x4 ; shift the value lift 4B 19: or eax,edx; or the tow value 1b: mov edx,eax; copy the ouputvalue from the breves one ; 1d: and eax,0x33333333; and 00110011001100110011001100110011 22: and edx,0xcccccccc; ; and with 11001100110011001100110011001100 28: shr edx,0x2 ; shift to rghite 2b 2b: shl eax,0x2 ; shift to the lift 2b 2e: or eax,edx; or two ghither 30: mov edx,eax; copy the value to eax 32: and eax,0x55555555; and 01010101010101010101010101010101 37: and edx,0xaaaaaaaa; 10101010101010101010101010101010 3d: add eax,eax ; add the value 3f: shr edx,1; shift to the rghite 1bbbbb 41: or eax,edx ; or tow ghiter 43: ret
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret