section .data sys_write equ 1 std_out equ 1 sys_exit equ 60 exit_code equ 0 new_line db 0xa input db 'Hello World!' section .bss output resb 12 section .text global _start _start: mov rsi, input xor rcx, rcx cid mov rdi, $ + 15 call calculateStrLength xor rax, rax xor rdi, rdi jmp reverseStr calculateStrLength: cmp byte[rsi], 0 je exitFromRoutine lodsb push rax inc rcx jmp calculateStrLength exitFromRoutine: push rdi ret reverseStr: ;; check is it end of string cmp rcx, 0 ;; if yes print result string je printResult ;; get symbol from stack pop rax ;; write it to output buffer mov [output + rdi], rax ;; decrease length counter dec rcx ;; increase additional length counter (for write syscall) inc rdi ;; loop again jmp reverseStr ;; ;; Print result string ;; printResult: mov rdx, rdi mov rax, 1 mov rdi, 1 mov rsi, output syscall jmp printNewLine ;; ;; Print new line ;; printNewLine: mov rax, sys_write mov rdi, std_out mov rsi, new_line mov rdx, 1 syscall jmp exit ;; ;; Exit from program ;; exit: ;; syscall number mov rax, sys_exit ;; exit code mov rdi, exit_code ;; call sys_exit syscall
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret