section .data num1: dw 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 prime: times 16 dw 0 odd: times 16 dw 0 avg: dw 0 sum: dw 0 section .text global _start _start: mov ecx,16 ; number of elements in array num1 mov esi,num1 ; address of first element of num1 array mov edi,prime ; address of first element of prime array prime_loop: mov eax,[esi] ; move the current element of num1 to eax register cmp eax,1 ; check if the number is less than or equal to one jle not_prime ; if yes then jump to not_prime label mov ebx,eax ; move the current element of num1 to ebx register dec ebx ; decrement ebx by one prime_check_loop: cmp ebx,1 ; check if ebx is less than or equal to one jle prime_store ; if yes then jump to prime_store label mov edx,0 ; clear edx register mov eax,[esi] ; move the current element of num1 to eax register div ebx ; divide eax by ebx and store remainder in edx register cmp edx,0 ; check if remainder is zero or not je not_prime ; if yes then jump to not_prime label dec ebx ; decrement ebx by one jmp prime_check_loop not_prime: add esi,2 ; increment esi by two (to skip even numbers) loop prime_loop prime_store: mov [edi],eax ; store the current element of num1 in prime array add edi,2 ; increment edi by two (to store next element in next memory location) add esi,2 ; increment esi by two (to skip even numbers) loop prime_loop odd_loop: mov ecx,16 ; number of elements in array num1 mov esi,num1 ; address of first element of num1 array mov edi,odd ; address of first element of odd array odd_loop_start: mov eax,[esi] ; move the current element of num1 to eax register cmp eax,-1 ; check if the number is less than zero (negative) je odd_skip_negative_number; if yes then jump to odd_skip_negative_number label mov edx,eax; move the current element of num1 to edx register and edx,01h; perform bitwise AND operation with value '01h' (00000001b) and store result in edx register ; check if the last bit is set or not (if set then it's an odd number) ; if it's an odd number then store it in odd array otherwise skip it. cmp edx,01h; jne odd_skip_even_number; mov [edi],eax; store the current element of num1 in odd array. add edi,2; increment edi by two (to store next element in next memory location). add dword [sum],eax; add the current element value into sum variable. odd_skip_even_number: add esi,2; increment esi by two (to skip even numbers). loop odd_loop_start; odd_skip_negative_number: add esi,2; increment esi by two (to skip negative numbers). loop odd_loop_start; mov ecx,[edi]; get the count of elements stored in odd array. mov eax,[sum]; get the sum value. cdq; sign extend eax into edx. idiv ecx; divide sum with count and store result into eax. mov [avg],eax; store average value into avg variable. section .data section .bss section .text
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret