.model small .stack 100h .data hours db ? minutes db ? seconds db ? .code ; Main program entry point main proc mov ax, @data mov ds, ax ; Prompt the user to enter the starting time mov ah, 09h mov dx, offset start_prompt int 21h ; Read the starting time from the user mov ah, 01h int 21h sub al, 48 ; Convert ASCII value to decimal mov hours, al ; Initialize the minutes and seconds mov minutes, 0 mov seconds, 6 ; Set initial seconds to the user input ; Display the clock display_clock: mov ah, 02h mov dl, '0' ; Print leading zero for hours int 21h mov dl, hours add dl, 48 ; Convert decimal value to ASCII int 21h mov dl, ':' int 21h mov dl, '0' ; Print leading zero for minutes int 21h mov dl, minutes add dl, 48 ; Convert decimal value to ASCII int 21h mov dl, ':' int 21h mov dl, '0' ; Print leading zero for seconds int 21h mov dl, seconds add dl, 48 ; Convert decimal value to ASCII int 21h ; Increment the seconds increment_seconds: inc seconds ; Check if the seconds reach 60 cmp seconds, 60 jl update_clock ; Reset seconds to 0 mov seconds, 0 ; Increment the minutes increment_minutes: inc minutes ; Check if the minutes reach 60 cmp minutes, 60 jl update_clock ; Reset minutes to 0 mov minutes, 0 ; Increment the hours increment_hours: inc hours ; Check if the hours reach 12 cmp hours, 12 jl update_clock ; Reset hours to 0 mov hours, 0 ; Reset the clock to 00:00:00 after 11:59:59 reset_clock: cmp hours, 0 jne display_clock cmp minutes, 0 jne display_clock cmp seconds, 0 jne display_clock ; Return to DOS mov ah, 4Ch mov al, 0 int 21h main endp start_prompt db 0Ah, "Enter the starting time (0-9): $" end main
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret