section .data msg1 db 'Enter first number: ', 0 msg2 db 'Enter second number: ', 0 msg3 db 'The sum is greater than 10.', 0 msg4 db 'The difference is less than 0.', 0 section .bss num1 resb 10 num2 resb 10 section .text global _start _start: ; Print message 1 and get user input for num1 mov rax, 1 mov rdi, 1 mov rsi, msg1 mov rdx, 19 syscall mov rax, 0 ; syscall number for sys_read mov rdi, 0 ; file descriptor 0 (stdin) mov rsi, num1 ; buffer to store input mov rdx, 10 ; number of bytes to read syscall ; Print message 2 and get user input for num2 mov rax, 1 mov rdi, 1 mov rsi, msg2 mov rdx, 20 syscall mov rax, 0 ; syscall number for sys_read mov rdi, 0 ; file descriptor 0 (stdin) mov rsi, num2 ; buffer to store input mov rdx, 10 ; number of bytes to read syscall ; Convert num1 and num2 from ASCII to integers mov rsi, num1 call atoi mov rdi, rax ; store the first number in rdi mov rsi, num2 call atoi ; Add num1 and num2 add rdi, rax ; Compare the sum with 10 cmp rdi, 10 jle not_greater ; jump if less than or equal to 10 ; If sum is greater than 10, calculate the difference and print message 3 sub rax, rdi ; calculate the difference js negative_diff ; jump if the difference is negative ; Print message 3 mov rax, 1 mov rdi, 1 mov rsi, msg3 mov rdx, 26 syscall jmp end_program not_greater: ; If the sum is not greater than 10, print message 4 negative_diff: mov rax, 1 mov rdi, 1 mov rsi, msg4 mov rdx, 27 syscall end_program: ; Exit the program mov rax, 60 ; syscall number for sys_exit xor rdi, rdi ; exit code 0 syscall ; Function to convert ASCII to integer (atoi) ; Input: rsi - pointer to the ASCII string ; Output: rdi - integer value atoi: xor rdi, rdi ; Clear rdi to store the result xor rcx, rcx ; Clear rcx for later use as a counter/multiplier atoi_loop: movzx rax, byte [rsi + rcx] ; Load the next byte of the string into rax register cmp rax, 0x0A ; Check if it's the null terminator (end of string) je atoi_done ; If it is, we are done sub rax, 0x30 ; Convert ASCII character to integer ('0' -> 0, '1' -> 1, ..., '9' -> 9) imul rdi, rdi, 10 ; Multiply the current result by 10 (shift left by one decimal place) add rdi, rax ; Add the new digit inc rcx ; Move to the next character in the string jmp atoi_loop ; Repeat the process for the next character atoi_done: ret ; Return with the result in rdi
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret