section .data format db "%d", 10, 0 ; Format string for printing an integer with a newline character sum_msg db "Sum: ", 0 section .bss num1 resd 1 ; Reserve 4 bytes for the first number num2 resd 1 ; Reserve 4 bytes for the second number sum resd 1 ; Reserve 4 bytes for the sum section .text global _start _start: ; Read the first number mov eax, 3 ; System call number for read mov ebx, 0 ; File descriptor: 0 for standard input mov ecx, num1 ; Address of the buffer to read into mov edx, 4 ; Maximum number of bytes to read int 0x80 ; Trigger the system call ; Read the second number mov eax, 3 ; System call number for read mov ebx, 0 ; File descriptor: 0 for standard input mov ecx, num2 ; Address of the buffer to read into mov edx, 4 ; Maximum number of bytes to read int 0x80 ; Trigger the system call ; Calculate the sum mov eax, [num1] ; Move the first number into EAX add eax, [num2] ; Add the second number to EAX mov [sum], eax ; Store the sum in memory ; Print the sum message mov eax, 4 ; System call number for write mov ebx, 1 ; File descriptor: 1 for standard output mov ecx, sum_msg ; Address of the sum message mov edx, 5 ; Length of the sum message int 0x80 ; Trigger the system call ; Print the sum mov eax, 4 ; System call number for write mov ebx, 1 ; File descriptor: 1 for standard output mov ecx, sum ; Address of the sum mov edx, 4 ; Length of the sum (4 bytes) int 0x80 ; Trigger the system call ; Terminate the program mov eax, 1 ; System call number for exit xor ebx, ebx ; Exit status, 0 in this case int 0x80 ; Trigger the system call
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret