mov ah,1 int 21h sub al,30h mov num1,al mov ah,1 int 21h mov op ,al mov ah,1 int 21h mov num2,al cmp op,'+' je add1 cmp op,'_' je sub1 cmp op,'*' je mull cmp op,'/' je div1 lea dx,msg mov ah,9 int 21h end1 : mov ah,4ch int 21h add1 : mov ah,num1 add al,mun2 call print jmp end1 sub1 : mov ah,num1 add al,mun2 call print jmp end1 mul1 : mov ah,num1 add al,mun2 call print jmp end1 div1 : mov ah,num1 add al,mun2 call print jmp end1 num1 db ? num2 db ? op db ? msg db "error input$" print proc mov bl,10 mov ah,00h div bl, mov dx,ax add dx,3030h mov ah,2 int 21h mov dl,dh int 21h ret
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret