section .data
    fib_limit   equ 10   ; Limit of Fibonacci series

section .bss
    fib_num resb 1      ; Space for storing a Fibonacci number
    fib_n1  resb 1      ; Space for storing Fibonacci(n-1)
    fib_n2  resb 1      ; Space for storing Fibonacci(n-2)

section .text
    global _start
    extern  printf
    _start:
        mov ecx, fib_limit      ; Counter for Fibonacci series
        mov byte [fib_n1], 0   ; Initialize Fibonacci(n-1) = 0
        mov byte [fib_n2], 1   ; Initialize Fibonacci(n-2) = 1
    loop_fibonacci:
        mov eax, dword [fib_n1] ; Load Fibonacci(n-1) into eax
        add eax, dword [fib_n2] ; Add Fibonacci(n-2) to eax
        mov dword [fib_num], eax ; Store the result in fib_num
        ; Display Fibonacci(n)
        push eax
        push format
        call printf
        add esp, 8
        ; Update Fibonacci(n-1) and Fibonacci(n-2) for the next iteration
        mov edx, dword [fib_n2] ; Load Fibonacci(n-2) into edx
        mov dword [fib_n1], edx ; Fibonacci(n-2) becomes Fibonacci(n-1)
        mov eax, dword [fib_num] ; Load Fibonacci(n) into eax
        mov dword [fib_n2], eax ; Fibonacci(n) becomes Fibonacci(n-2)
        dec ecx                 ; Decrement the counter
        jnz loop_fibonacci      ; Loop until counter is zero

        ; Exit the program
        mov eax, 1
        xor ebx, ebx
        int 0x80

section .data
    format db "%d ", 0
 

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About Assembly

Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.

Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.

Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.

Syntax help

Assembly language usually consists of three sections,

  1. Data section

    To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.

  2. bss section

    To declare variables

  3. text section

    _start specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.

Variables

There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.

1. To allocate storage space to Initialized data

Syntax

variable-name    define-directive    initial-value 
Define DirectiveDescriptionAllocated Space
DBDefine Byte1 byte
DWDefine Word2 bytes
DDDefine Doubleword4 bytes
DQDefine Quadword8 bytes
DTDefine Ten Bytes10 bytes

2. To allocate storage space to un-initialized data

Define DirectiveDescription
RESBReserve a Byte
RESWReserve a Word
RESDReserve a Doubleword
RESQReserve a Quadword
RESTReserve a Ten Bytes

Constants

Constants can be defined using

1. equ

  • To define numeric constants
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value

2. %assign

  • To define numeric constants.
%assign constant_name value

3. %define

  • To define numeric or string constants.
%define constant_name value

Loops

Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.

mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1

where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.

Procedures

Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.

procedure_name:
   ;procedure body
   ret