section .data fib_limit equ 10 ; Limit of Fibonacci series section .bss fib_num resb 1 ; Space for storing a Fibonacci number fib_n1 resb 1 ; Space for storing Fibonacci(n-1) fib_n2 resb 1 ; Space for storing Fibonacci(n-2) section .text global _start extern printf _start: mov ecx, fib_limit ; Counter for Fibonacci series mov byte [fib_n1], 0 ; Initialize Fibonacci(n-1) = 0 mov byte [fib_n2], 1 ; Initialize Fibonacci(n-2) = 1 loop_fibonacci: mov eax, dword [fib_n1] ; Load Fibonacci(n-1) into eax add eax, dword [fib_n2] ; Add Fibonacci(n-2) to eax mov dword [fib_num], eax ; Store the result in fib_num ; Display Fibonacci(n) push eax push format call printf add esp, 8 ; Update Fibonacci(n-1) and Fibonacci(n-2) for the next iteration mov edx, dword [fib_n2] ; Load Fibonacci(n-2) into edx mov dword [fib_n1], edx ; Fibonacci(n-2) becomes Fibonacci(n-1) mov eax, dword [fib_num] ; Load Fibonacci(n) into eax mov dword [fib_n2], eax ; Fibonacci(n) becomes Fibonacci(n-2) dec ecx ; Decrement the counter jnz loop_fibonacci ; Loop until counter is zero ; Exit the program mov eax, 1 xor ebx, ebx int 0x80 section .data format db "%d ", 0
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret