section .data num1 dd 10 ; Define first number (32-bit integer) num2 dd 5 ; Define second number (32-bit integer) result dd 0 ; Space to store the result of operations section .text global _start _start: ; Add num1 and num2 mov eax, [num1] ; Load num1 into eax add eax, [num2] ; Add num2 to eax mov [result], eax ; Store the result back in 'result' ; Subtract num2 from num1 mov eax, [num1] ; Load num1 into eax sub eax, [num2] ; Subtract num2 from eax mov [result], eax ; Store the result back in 'result' ; Multiply num1 by num2 mov eax, [num1] ; Load num1 into eax imul eax, [num2] ; Multiply eax by num2 mov [result], eax ; Store the result back in 'result' ; Divide num1 by num2 mov eax, [num1] ; Load num1 into eax cdq ; Convert double to quad for division div dword [num2] ; Divide eax by num2, quotient in eax, remainder in edx mov [result], eax ; Store the quotient in 'result' ; Exit the program mov eax, 1 ; syscall number for exit xor ebx, ebx ; status 0 int 0x80 ; call kernel
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret