section .data x dd 1.0 ; value of x y dd -2.0 ; value of y z dd 3.0 ; value of z a dd 1.0 ; coefficient for term 1 b dd 2.0 ; coefficient for term 2 c dd 1.0 ; coefficient for term 3 d dd 5.0 ; coefficient for term 4 section .text global _start _start: ; Load the values into registers movss xmm0, [x] ; x movss xmm1, [y] ; y movss xmm2, [z] ; z movss xmm3, [a] ; a movss xmm4, [b] ; b movss xmm5, [c] ; c movss xmm6, [d] ; d ; Calculate the first term (x^3) mulss xmm0, xmm0 ; x^2 mulss xmm0, xmm0 ; x^3 mulss xmm0, xmm3 ; ax^3 ; Calculate the second term (2y^2) mulss xmm1, xmm1 ; y^2 mulss xmm1, xmm4 ; 2y^2 ; Calculate the third term (xy) movss xmm7, [x] ; Load x again mulss xmm7, xmm1 ; xy ; Calculate the fourth term (5z) movss xmm8, [z] ; Load z again mulss xmm8, xmm6 ; 5z ; Add all terms together addss xmm0, xmm1 ; Add term 1 and term 2 addss xmm0, xmm7 ; Add term 3 addss xmm0, xmm8 ; Add term 4 ; Check if the result is zero comiss xmm0, xmm9 ; Compare xmm0 with zero jne not_equal ; Jump if not equal ; If the result is zero, set eax to 1 (success) mov eax, 1 jmp exit not_equal: ; If the result is not zero, set eax to 0 (failure) mov eax, 0 exit: ; Exit the program mov eax, 60 ; Syscall number for exit xor edi, edi; Exit code 0 syscall ; Call kernel
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret