section .data msg db 10,"The maximum number from given array : ", len equ $-msg newline db 10,13 nlen equ $-newline arr db 2h,54h,4h,5h,7h section .bss cnt resb 1 buff resb 16 %macro print 2 mov rax,1 mov rdi,1 mov rsi,%1 mov rdx,%2 syscall %endmacro section .text global _start _start: mov byte[cnt], 5 mov rsi, arr mov al, 0 lp: cmp al, [rsi] jg skip xchg al, [rsi] skip: inc rsi dec byte[cnt] jnz lp call disp print msg, len print buff, 16 print newline, nlen mov rax, 60 mov rdi, 0 syscall disp: mov rbx, rax mov rdi, buff mov cx, 16 up1: rol rbx, 04 mov al, bl and al, 0fh cmp al, 09h jg add_37 add al, 30h jmp skip1 add_37: add al, 37h skip1: mov [rdi], al inc rdi dec cx jnz up1 ret
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Assembly language(asm) is a low-level programming language, where the language instructions will be more similar to machine code instructions.
Every assembler may have it's own assembly language designed for a specific computers or an operating system.
Assembly language requires less execution time and memory. It is more helful for direct hardware manipulation, real-time critical applications. It is used in device drivers, low-level embedded systems etc.
Assembly language usually consists of three sections,
Data section
To initialize variables and constants, buffer size these values doesn't change at runtime.
bss section
To declare variables
text section
_start
specifies the starting of this section where the actually code is written.
There are various define directives to allocate space for variables for both initialized and uninitialized data.
variable-name define-directive initial-value
Define Directive | Description | Allocated Space |
---|---|---|
DB | Define Byte | 1 byte |
DW | Define Word | 2 bytes |
DD | Define Doubleword | 4 bytes |
DQ | Define Quadword | 8 bytes |
DT | Define Ten Bytes | 10 bytes |
Define Directive | Description |
---|---|
RESB | Reserve a Byte |
RESW | Reserve a Word |
RESD | Reserve a Doubleword |
RESQ | Reserve a Quadword |
REST | Reserve a Ten Bytes |
Constants can be defined using
CONSTANT_NAME EQU regular-exp or value
%assign constant_name value
%define constant_name value
Loops are used to iterate a set of statements for a specific number of times.
mov ECX,n
L1:
;<loop body>
loop L1
where n specifies the no of times loops should iterate.
Procedure is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually procedures are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
procedure_name:
;procedure body
ret