/**
 * This program simulates FIFO and LRU page replacement algorithms in memory management.
 * Author: Your Name
 * PantherID: Your PantherID
 */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define MAX_REFERENCES 1000

// Function to simulate the FIFO page replacement algorithm
int fifo(int pageReferences[], int referenceCount, int frames, int finalState[]) {
    int pageFaults = 0;
    int buffer[frames];
    int insertionPoint = 0;

    for (int i = 0; i < frames; i++)
        buffer[i] = -1;

    for (int i = 0; i < referenceCount; i++) {
        int page = pageReferences[i];
        int found = 0;

        for (int j = 0; j < frames; j++) {
            if (buffer[j] == page) {
                found = 1;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (!found) {
            buffer[insertionPoint] = page;
            insertionPoint = (insertionPoint + 1) % frames;
            pageFaults++;
        }
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < frames; i++)
        finalState[i] = buffer[i];

    return pageFaults;
}

// Function to simulate the LRU page replacement algorithm
int lru(int pageReferences[], int referenceCount, int frames, int finalState[]) {
    int pageFaults = 0;
    int buffer[frames];
    int recentlyUsed[frames];
    int time = 0;

    for (int i = 0; i < frames; i++) {
        buffer[i] = -1;
        recentlyUsed[i] = 0;
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < referenceCount; i++) {
        int page = pageReferences[i];
        int found = 0;
        int leastRecentlyUsed = time, replacementIndex = 0;

        for (int j = 0; j < frames; j++) {
            if (buffer[j] == page) {
                found = 1;
                recentlyUsed[j] = time;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (!found) {
            for (int j = 0; j < frames; j++) {
                if (recentlyUsed[j] < leastRecentlyUsed) {
                    leastRecentlyUsed = recentlyUsed[j];
                    replacementIndex = j;
                }
            }

            buffer[replacementIndex] = page;
            recentlyUsed[replacementIndex] = time;
            pageFaults++;
        }

        time++;
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < frames; i++)
        finalState[i] = buffer[i];

    return pageFaults;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    if (argc != 3) {
        printf("Usage: %s pagereffile numberofframes\n", argv[0]);
        return 1;
    }

    int frames = atoi(argv[2]);
    if (frames < 1 || frames > 10) {
        printf("Number of frames must be between 1 and 10.\n");
        return 1;
    }

    FILE *file = fopen(argv[1], "r");
    if (!file) {
        perror("Error opening file");
        return 1;
    }

    int pageReferences[MAX_REFERENCES];
    int referenceCount = 0;

    while (fscanf(file, "%d", &pageReferences[referenceCount]) != EOF) {
        referenceCount++;
    }

    fclose(file);

    int finalStateFIFO[frames];
    int finalStateLRU[frames];

    int fifoFaults = fifo(pageReferences, referenceCount, frames, finalStateFIFO);
    int lruFaults = lru(pageReferences, referenceCount, frames, finalStateLRU);

    printf("FIFO: %d page faults\n", fifoFaults);
    printf("Final state of memory: ");
    for (int i = 0; i < frames; i++)
        printf("%d ", finalStateFIFO[i]);
    printf("\n");

    printf("LRU: %d page faults\n", lruFaults);
    printf("Final state of memory: ");
    for (int i = 0; i < frames; i++)
        printf("%d ", finalStateLRU[i]);
    printf("\n");

    return 0;
}
 

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#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    char name[50];
    printf("Enter name:");
    scanf("%s", name);
    printf("Hello %s \n" , name );
    return 0;
    
}

About C

C language is one of the most popular general-purpose programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell laboratories for UNIX operating system. The initial release of C Language was in the year 1972. Most of the desktop operating systems are written in C Language.

Key features:

  • Structured Programming
  • Popular system programming language
  • UNIX, MySQL and Oracle are completely written in C.
  • Supports variety of platforms
  • Efficient and also handle low-level activities.
  • As fast as assembly language and hence used as system development language.

Syntax help

Loops

1. If-Else:

When ever you want to perform a set of operations based on a condition if-else is used.

if(conditional-expression) {
   // code
} else {
   // code
}

You can also use if-else for nested Ifs and if-else-if ladder when multiple conditions are to be performed on a single variable.

2. Switch:

Switch is an alternative to if-else-if ladder.

switch(conditional-expression) {    
case value1:    
 // code    
 break;  // optional  
case value2:    
 // code    
 break;  // optional  
...    
    
default:     
 // code to be executed when all the above cases are not matched;    
} 

3. For:

For loop is used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition.

for(Initialization; Condition; Increment/decrement){  
  // code  
} 

4. While:

While is also used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition. Usually while is preferred when number of iterations are not known in advance.

while(condition) {  
 // code 
}  

5. Do-While:

Do-while is also used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition. It is mostly used when you need to execute the statements atleast once.

do {
  // code 
} while (condition); 

Arrays

Array is a collection of similar data which is stored in continuous memory addresses. Array values can be fetched using index. Index starts from 0 to size-1.

Syntax

One dimentional Array:

data-type array-name[size];

Two dimensional array:

data-type array-name[size][size];

Functions

Function is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually functions are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.

Two types of functions are present in C

  1. Library Functions:

Library functions are the in-built functions which are declared in header files like printf(),scanf(),puts(),gets() etc.,

  1. User defined functions:

User defined functions are the ones which are written by the programmer based on the requirement.

How to declare a Function

return_type function_name(parameters);

How to call a Function

function_name (parameters)

How to define a Function

return_type function_name(parameters) {  
  //code
}