/ C++ program to demonstrate
// working of Alpha-Beta Pruning
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Initial values of
// Aplha and Beta
const int MAX = 1000;
const int MIN = -1000;

// Returns optimal value for
// current player(Initially called
// for root and maximizer)
int minimax(int depth, int nodeIndex,
			bool maximizingPlayer,
			int values[], int alpha,
			int beta)
{
	
	// Terminating condition. i.e
	// leaf node is reached
	if (depth == 3)
		return values[nodeIndex];

	if (maximizingPlayer)
	{
		int best = MIN;

		// Recur for left and
		// right children
		for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
		{
			
			int val = minimax(depth + 1, nodeIndex * 2 + i,
							false, values, alpha, beta);
			best = max(best, val);
			alpha = max(alpha, best);

			// Alpha Beta Pruning
			if (beta <= alpha)
				break;
		}
		return best;
	}
	else
	{
		int best = MAX;

		// Recur for left and
		// right children
		for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
		{
			int val = minimax(depth + 1, nodeIndex * 2 + i,
							true, values, alpha, beta);
			best = min(best, val);
			beta = min(beta, best);

			// Alpha Beta Pruning
			if (beta <= alpha)
				break;
		}
		return best;
	}
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
	int values[8] = { 3, 5, 6, 9, 1, 2, 0, -1 };
	cout <<"The optimal value is : "<< minimax(0, 0, true, values, MIN, MAX);;
	return 0;
}
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About C++

C++ is a widely used middle-level programming language.

  • Supports different platforms like Windows, various Linux flavours, MacOS etc
  • C++ supports OOPS concepts like Inheritance, Polymorphism, Encapsulation and Abstraction.
  • Case-sensitive
  • C++ is a compiler based language
  • C++ supports structured programming language
  • C++ provides alot of inbuilt functions and also supports dynamic memory allocation.
  • Like C, C++ also allows you to play with memory using Pointers.

Syntax help

Loops

1. If-Else:

When ever you want to perform a set of operations based on a condition If-Else is used.

if(conditional-expression) {
   //code
}
else {
   //code
}

You can also use if-else for nested Ifs and If-Else-If ladder when multiple conditions are to be performed on a single variable.

2. Switch:

Switch is an alternative to If-Else-If ladder.

switch(conditional-expression){    
case value1:    
 // code    
 break;  // optional  
case value2:    
 // code    
 break;  // optional  
......    
    
default:     
 code to be executed when all the above cases are not matched;    
}

3. For:

For loop is used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition.

for(Initialization; Condition; Increment/decrement){  
  //code  
}

4. While:

While is also used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition. Usually while is preferred when number of iterations are not known in advance.

while (condition) {  
// code 
}

5. Do-While:

Do-while is also used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition. It is mostly used when you need to execute the statements atleast once.

do {  
 // code 
} while (condition);

Functions

Function is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually functions are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity. Function gets run only when it is called.

How to declare a Function:

return_type function_name(parameters);

How to call a Function:

function_name (parameters)

How to define a Function:

return_type function_name(parameters) {  
 // code
}