#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use List::Util qw(max min);

my %fruits_array = ('Mango'=>45, 'Orange'=>30, 'Grapes'=>40, 'Apple'=>100);

foreach my $fruit (sort { $fruits_array{$a}<=>$fruits_array{$b} } keys %fruits_array){
  print $fruit.' = '.$fruits_array{$fruit}."\n";
}

print "=== \n";
my $maxVal = max values %fruits_array;
my ($maxKey) = grep{ $fruits_array{$_} eq $maxVal } keys %fruits_array;
print " Max fruits price : ".$maxKey." ".$maxVal;
print "\n";
my $minVal = min values %fruits_array;
my ($minKey) = grep{ $fruits_array{$_} eq $minVal } keys %fruits_array;
print " Min fruits price : ".$minKey." ".$minVal;
by

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my $name = <STDIN>;             
print "Hello $name.\n";

About Perl

Perl(Practical Extraction and Report Language) is especially desined for text processing by Larry Wall.

Key features

  • Cross-platform
  • Efficient for mission critical applications.
  • Open-source
  • Supports both procedural and object-oriented programming.
  • Perl interpreter is embeddable with other systems.
  • Loosely typed language

Syntax help

Data types

There is no need to specify the type of the data in Perl as it is loosely typed language.

TypeDescriptionUsage
ScalarScalar is either a number or a string or an address of a variable(reference)$var
ArraysArray is an ordered list of scalars, you can access arrays with indexes which starts from 0@arr = (1,2,3)
HashHash is an unordered set of key/value pairs%ul = (1,'foo', 2, 'bar)

Variables

In Perl, there is no need to explicitly declare variables to reserve memory space. When you assign a value to a variable, declaration happens automatically.

$var-name =value; #scalar-variable
@arr-name = (values); #Array-variables
%hashes = (key-value pairs); # Hash-variables

Loops

1. If family:

If, If-else, Nested-Ifs are used when you want to perform a certain set of operations based on conditional expressions.

If

if(conditional-expression){    
//code    
}

If-else

if(conditional-expression){  
//code if condition is true  
}else{  
//code if condition is false  
}

Nested-If-else

if(condition-expression1){  
//code if above condition is true  
}else if(condition-expression2){  
//code if above condition is true  
}  
else if(condition-expression3){  
//code if above condition is true  
}  
...  
else{  
//code if all the conditions are false  
}

2. Switch:

There is no case or switch in perl, instead we use given and when to check the code for multiple conditions.

given(expr){    
when (value1)  
{//code if above value is matched;}    
when (value2)  
{//code if above value is matched;}   
when (value3)  
{//code if above value is matched;}  
default  
{//code if all the above cases are not matched.}     
}

3. For:

For loop is used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition.

for(Initialization; Condition; Increment/decrement){  
  // code  
}

4. While:

While is also used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition. Usually while is preferred when number of iterations are not known in advance.

while(condition) {  
 // code 
}

5. Do-While:

Do-while is also used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition. It is mostly used when you need to execute the statements atleast once.

do {
  // code 
} while (condition);

Sub-routines

Sub-routines are similar to functions which contains set of statements. Usually sub-routines are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.

How to define a sub-routine

sub subroutine_name 
{
	# set of Statements
}

How to call a sub-routine

subroutine_name();
subroutine_name(arguments-list); // if arguments are present