1. Write a program to perform following operations on list

2. Sum all the items in a list.

3. Get the largest number from a list.

4. Remove duplicates from a list.

5. Separate positive and negative number from a list.

6. Filter even and odd number from a list.

Ans:-
def sum_list(lst):
return sum(lst)

def get_largest(lst):
return max(lst)

def remove_duplicates(lst):
return list(set(lst))

def separate_positive_negative(lst):
positive = [num for num in lst if num > 0]
negative = [num for num in lst if num < 0]
return positive, negative

def filter_even_odd(lst):
even = [num for num in lst if num % 2 == 0]
odd = [num for num in lst if num % 2 != 0]
return even, odd

Example list

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, -7, -8, -9]

Sum of all items

print("Sum of all items:", sum_list(my_list))

Largest number

print("Largest number:", get_largest(my_list))

Remove duplicates

print("List after removing duplicates:", remove_duplicates(my_list))

Separate positive and negative numbers

positive_nums, negative_nums = separate_positive_negative(my_list)
print("Positive numbers:", positive_nums)
print("Negative numbers:", negative_nums)

Filter even and odd numbers

even_nums, odd_nums = filter_even_odd(my_list)
print("Even numbers:", even_nums)
print("Odd numbers:", odd_nums)

---

2. Write a program to perform following operations on string

3. Reverse string.

4. Count vowels and consonants in a string.

5. Count the number of letters in a word.

6. Convert lower letter to upper and upper letter to lower in a string.

7. Count lower, upper, numeric and special characters in a string.

Ans:-
import string

def reverse_string(s):
return s[::-1]

def count_vowels_consonants(s):
vowels = 0
consonants = 0
for char in s:
if char.lower() in 'aeiou':
vowels += 1
elif char.isalpha():
consonants += 1
return vowels, consonants

def count_letters_in_word(word):
return len(word)

def convert_case(s):
return s.swapcase()

def count_characters(s):
lower_count = sum(1 for char in s if char.islower())
upper_count = sum(1 for char in s if char.isupper())
numeric_count = sum(1 for char in s if char.isdigit())
special_count = sum(1 for char in s if char in string.punctuation)
return lower_count, upper_count, numeric_count, special_count

Example string

my_string = "Hello, World! 123"

Reverse string

print("Reversed string:", reverse_string(my_string))

Count vowels and consonants

vowels_count, consonants_count = count_vowels_consonants(my_string)
print("Number of vowels:", vowels_count)
print("Number of consonants:", consonants_count)

Count the number of letters in a word

word = "Hello"
print("Number of letters in the word '{}': {}".format(word, count_letters_in_word(word)))

Convert case

print("String after case conversion:", convert_case(my_string))

Count characters

lower_count, upper_count, numeric_count, special_count = count_characters(my_string)
print("Number of lowercase characters:", lower_count)
print("Number of uppercase characters:", upper_count)
print("Number of numeric characters:", numeric_count)
print("Number of special characters:", special_count)

---

3. Write a program to perform following operations on dictionary

4. Check whether a given key exists in a dictionary or not.

5. Iterate over dictionary items using for loop.

6. Concatenate two dictionaries to create one.

7. Sum all the values of a dictionary.

8. Get the maximum and minimum value of dictionary.

Ans:-
def check_key_exists(dictionary, key):
return key in dictionary

def iterate_over_items(dictionary):
for key, value in dictionary.items():
print("Key:", key, "Value:", value)

def concatenate_dictionaries(dict1, dict2):
return {**dict1, **dict2}

def sum_dictionary_values(dictionary):
return sum(dictionary.values())

def get_max_min_value(dictionary):
if not dictionary:
return None, None
return max(dictionary.values()), min(dictionary.values())

Example dictionaries

dict1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
dict2 = {'d': 4, 'e': 5, 'f': 6}

Check if key exists

key_to_check = 'b'
print("Does '{}' exist in the dictionary?".format(key_to_check), check_key_exists(dict1, key_to_check))

Iterate over dictionary items

print("Iterating over dictionary items:")
iterate_over_items(dict1)

Concatenate dictionaries

concatenated_dict = concatenate_dictionaries(dict1, dict2)
print("Concatenated dictionary:", concatenated_dict)

Sum all values of dictionary

print("Sum of values in dictionary:", sum_dictionary_values(dict1))

Get maximum and minimum value of dictionary

max_value, min_value = get_max_min_value(dict1)
print("Maximum value:", max_value)
print("Minimum value:", min_value)

---

Q 3. Write a program to print
1. First 10 natural numbers

        2. First 10 even numbers in reverse order

        3. Table of a number accepted from user

        4. First 10 prime numbers

         5. Sum of digits of numbers from 101 to 130

Ans:-
def print_first_10_natural_numbers():
print("First 10 natural numbers:")
for i in range(1, 11):
print(i, end=" ")
print()

def print_first_10_even_numbers_reverse():
print("First 10 even numbers in reverse order:")
for i in range(20, 0, -2):
print(i, end=" ")
print()

def print_table_of_number(num):
print("Table of", num, ":")
for i in range(1, 11):
print(num, "x", i, "=", num*i)

def is_prime(n):
if n <= 1:
return False
if n <= 3:
return True
if n % 2 == 0 or n % 3 == 0:
return False
i = 5
while i * i <= n:
if n % i == 0 or n % (i + 2) == 0:
return False
i += 6
return True

def print_first_10_prime_numbers():
print("First 10 prime numbers:")
count = 0
num = 2
while count < 10:
if is_prime(num):
print(num, end=" ")
count += 1
num += 1
print()

def sum_of_digits_range(start, end):
total_sum = 0
for num in range(start, end + 1):
total_sum += sum(int(digit) for digit in str(num))
return total_sum

Task 1

print_first_10_natural_numbers()

Task 2

print_first_10_even_numbers_reverse()

Task 3

number = int(input("Enter a number to print its table: "))
print_table_of_number(number)

Task 4

print_first_10_prime_numbers()

Task 5

sum_of_digits = sum_of_digits_range(101, 130)
print("Sum of digits of numbers from 101 to 130:", sum_of_digits)

---

Q 4. Write a program to print following patterns
1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10

rows = int(input("Enter the number of rows : "))
cnt = 1
for i in range(1, rows+1):
for j in range(i,i+i):
print(cnt,end=" ")
cnt += 1
print()

---

---

---

rows = int(input("Enter Number of Rows : "))
totalSpaces = rows - 1
for i in range(1, rows+1):
for space in range(0, totalSpaces):
print(end=" ")
totalSpaces -= 1

for j in range(i, i+i):
    print("* ",end="")
print()

rows = int(input("Enter number of rows : "))
for i in range(rows+1):
for j in range(rows-i):
print(' ', end="")
C = 1
for j in range(1, i+1):
print(C, ' ', sep='', end='')
C = C * (i - j) // j
print()

rows = int(input("Enter the number of rows: "))
letter = 65
for i in range(rows):
for k in range(rows - i - 1):
print(" ", end="")
print(chr(letter + i), end=" ")
if i > 0:
for k in range(2 * i - 1):
print(" ", end="")
print(chr(letter + i), end=" ")
print()
for i in range(rows - 2, -1, -1):
for k in range(rows - i - 1):
print(" ", end="")
print(chr(letter + i), end=" ")
if i > 0:
for k in range(2 * i - 1):
print(" ", end="")
print(chr(letter + i), end=" ")
print()

---

5. Write a program to demonstrate Nested function
   def outer_function():
   """This is an outer function"""
   message = "Hello from the outer function"
   def inner_function():
   """This is an inner function"""
   print(message + " and hello from the inner function")
   inner_function()
   outer_function()

---

6. Write a program to calculate factorial of a given number using recursion .
   def factorial(n):
   """This function calculates the factorial of a number"""
   if n == 0:
   return 1
   else:
   return n * factorial(n-1)

Get a number from the user

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

Calculate the factorial

result = factorial(number)

Print the result

print(f"The factorial of {number} is {result}")

---

7. Write a program to create decorators and generators.
   Define a decorator that adds a prefix to a function's name
   def prefix_decorator(prefix):
   def decorator_function(func):
   def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
   print(f"Calling function with prefix {prefix}")
   return func(*args, **kwargs)
   return wrapper
   return decorator_function

Define a simple function to decorate

def say_hello(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

Decorate the say_hello function with the prefix_decorator

say_hello_with_prefix = prefix_decorator("IMPORTANT")(say_hello)

Call the decorated function

say_hello_with_prefix("Alice")

---

8. Create two different user defined modules and access respective functions from one file to another .

Ans:-
Main Function-1

Import the modules

from math_functions import add, subtract
from string_functions import greet, to_uppercase

Use functions from the modules

result_add = add(5, 3)
result_subtract = subtract(10, 2)
greeting = greet("Bob")
uppercase_text = to_uppercase("hello world")

Print the results

print(f"Addition result: {result_add}")
print(f"Subtraction result: {result_subtract}")
print(greeting)
print(f"Uppercase text: {uppercase_text}")

Main Function-2
def add(x, y):
"""This function adds two numbers"""
return x + y

def subtract(x, y):
"""This function subtracts two numbers"""
return x - y

String Function
def greet(name):
"""This function returns a greeting message"""
return f"Hello, {name}!"

def to_uppercase(text):
"""This function converts a string to uppercase"""
return text.upper()

---

9. write a program to access built in functions available in math, random and datetime modules.

Ans:-

import math
import random
import datetime

Access functions from the math module

print(f"Square root of 16: {math.sqrt(16)}")
print(f"Ceiling of 3.14: {math.ceil(3.14)}")

Access functions from the random module

print(f"Random integer between 1 and 10: {random.randint(1, 10)}")
print(f"Random float between 0 and 1: {random.random()}")

Access functions from the datetime module

now = datetime.datetime.now()
print(f"Current date and time: {now}")
print(f"Year: {now.year}")
print(f"Month: {now.month}")
print(f"Day: {now.day}")

---

10. Write Python program to demonstrate the following:
11. SyntaxError

This will raise a SyntaxError due to the missing colon in the if statement

Corrected: if condition:

print("Demonstrating SyntaxError:")
try:
if True
print("Condition is True")
except SyntaxError as e:
print("SyntaxError:", e)
print()

2. TypeError

This will raise a TypeError due to trying to concatenate an integer with a string

print("Demonstrating TypeError:")
try:
result = "5" + 10
except TypeError as e:
print("TypeError:", e)
print()

3. IndexError

This will raise an IndexError due to accessing an index that doesn't exist in the list

print("Demonstrating IndexError:")
try:
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
print(my_list[3])
except IndexError as e:
print("IndexError:", e)
print()

4. ValueError

This will raise a ValueError due to trying to convert a string that cannot be converted to an integer

print("Demonstrating ValueError:")
try:
num = int("abc")
except ValueError as e:
print("ValueError :",e)

5. ZeroDivisionError

This will raise a ZeroDivisionError due to dividing by zero

print("Demonstrating ZeroDivisionError:")
try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print("ZeroDivisionError:", e)
print()
//OUTPUT//

6. FileNotFound

This will raise a FileNotFoundError due to trying to open a file that doesn't exist

print("Demonstrating FileNotFoundError:")
try:
with open("nonexistent_file.txt", "r") as file:
contents = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError as e:
print("FileNotFoundError:", e)
print()

---

11. Write Python program to raise user defined exception.
    class MyCustomException(Exception):
    def init(self, message="This is a custom exception!"):
    self.message = message
    super().init(self.message)

Function to demonstrate raising the custom exception

def raise_custom_exception():
# Raise the custom exception
raise MyCustomException()

Demonstrate raising the custom exception

try:
raise_custom_exception()
except MyCustomException as e:
print("Caught custom exception:", e)

---

12. Write Python program to demonstrate the use of try, except and finally block.
    def divide(x, y):
    try:
    result = x / y
    except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Error: Division by zero!")
    else:
    print("Result:", result)
    finally:
    print("Finally block executed.")

Test the function with different inputs

print("Test Case 1:")
divide(10, 2)

print("\nTest Case 2:")
divide(10, 0)

print("\nTest Case 3:")
divide("10", 2)

---

13. Write Python program to demonstrate default except block.
    def divide(x, y):
    try:
    result = x / y
    except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Error: Division by zero!")
    except:
    print("An error occurred!")
    else:
    print("Result:", result)
    finally:
    print("Finally block executed.")

Test the function with different inputs

print("Test Case 1:")
divide(10, 2)

print("\nTest Case 2:")
divide(10, 0)

print("\nTest Case 3:")
divide("10", 2)

---

14. Write Python program to handle multiple exceptions in single except block
    def divide(x, y):
    try:
    result = x / y
    except (ZeroDivisionError, TypeError) as e:
    print("An error occurred:", e)
    else:
    print("Result:", result)
    finally:
    print("Finally block executed.")

Test the function with different inputs

print("Test Case 1:")
divide(10, 2)

print("\nTest Case 2:")
divide(10, 0)

print("\nTest Case 3:")
divide("10", 2)

---

15. Write a program to read the contents of file and perform following operations
    a) display number of words
    b) display number of characters
    c) display number of vowels
    d) display number of lines
    e) reverse each word and display it

def count_words(text):
words = text.split()
return len(words)

def count_characters(text):
return len(text)

def count_vowels(text):
vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"
count = 0
for char in text:
if char in vowels:
count += 1
return count

def count_lines(text):
lines = text.split('\n')
return len(lines)

def reverse_words(text):
words = text.split()
reversed_words = [word[::-1] for word in words]
return ' '.join(reversed_words)

Read contents from file

file_path = 'text.txt' # Replace with your file path
try:
with open(file_path, 'r') as file:
file_contents = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found.")
else:
# Perform operations
num_words = count_words(file_contents)
num_characters = count_characters(file_contents)
num_vowels = count_vowels(file_contents)
num_lines = count_lines(file_contents)
reversed_text = reverse_words(file_contents)

# Display results
print("Number of words:", num_words)
print("Number of characters:", num_characters)
print("Number of vowels:", num_vowels)
print("Number of lines:", num_lines)
print("Reversed words:\n", reversed_text)

---

16. Write a program to perform CRUD operations using mongoDB shell and pycharm IDE
    C-Create, R-Read, U-Update, D-Delete

Ans:-

use mydatabase
db.createCollection("mycollection")

db.mycollection.insertOne({ name: "John", age: 30 })

db.mycollection.find()

db.mycollection.updateOne({ name: "John" }, { $set: { age: 35 } })

db.mycollection.deleteOne({ name: "John" })

USING IDE :
from pymongo import MongoClient

Connect to MongoDB

client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)
db = client['mydatabase']
collection = db['mycollection']

Create

document = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}
collection.insert_one(document)

Read

documents = collection.find()
for doc in documents:
print(doc)

Update

collection.update_one({'name': 'Alice'}, {'$set': {'age': 30}})

Delete

collection.delete_one({'name': 'Alice'})

Close connection

client.close()

---

17. Create a pandas dataFrame using mtcars.csv CSV file and perform a following
    a) Display column names
    b) Display 5th to 10th rows
    c) Display 4th to 7th columns
    d) Display no of rows and no of columns

Ans:-

import pandas as pd

Load the CSV file into a DataFrame

df = pd.read_csv('mtcars.csv')

Display column names

print("Column names:")
print(df.columns)

Display 5th to 10th rows

print("\n5th to 10th rows:")
print(df.iloc[4:10])

Display 4th to 7th columns

print("\n4th to 7th columns:")
print(df.iloc[:, 3:7])

Display number of rows and number of columns

num_rows, num_columns = df.shape
print(f"\nNumber of rows: {num_rows}")
print(f"Number of columns: {num_columns}")

---

18. Use the given file named cricket.csv and perform the following operations:
19. Read the file in DataFrame
20. List the name of cricketer and their respective runs
21. Find total wickets taken by them
22. Find average of catches taken
23. Find the name of wicketkeeper
24. Print the name of bowler who played highest number of matches
25. Find average of all the bowlers
26. Find name of the bowler with least bowling average
27. Draw the bar chart of matches against number of runs scored
28. Sort and print information about players by ascending order of runs
29. Print the names of players whose wickets are greater than matches

Ans:-

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

1. Read the file into a DataFrame

df = pd.read_csv('cricket.csv')

2. List the name of cricketer and their respective runs

print("Name of cricketer and their respective runs:")
print(df[['Name', 'Runs']])

3. Find total wickets taken by them

total_wickets = df['Wickets'].sum()
print("\nTotal wickets taken by all players:", total_wickets)

4. Find average of catches taken

average_catches = df['Catches'].mean()
print("\nAverage of catches taken:", average_catches)

5. Find the name of wicketkeeper

wicketkeeper = df.loc[df['Role'] == 'Wicketkeeper', 'Name'].values[0]
print("\nName of wicketkeeper:", wicketkeeper)

6. Print the name of bowler who played highest number of matches

max_matches = df['Matches'].max()
bowler_with_most_matches = df.loc[df['Matches'] == max_matches,
'Name'].values[0]
print("\nName of bowler with highest number of matches played:",
bowler_with_most_matches)

7. Find average of all the bowlers

average_bowlers = df.loc[df['Role'] == 'Bowler', 'Average'].mean()
print("\nAverage of all the bowlers:", average_bowlers)

8. Find name of the bowler with least bowling average

min_average_bowler = df.loc[df['Role'] == 'Bowler',
'Name'].iloc[df.loc[df['Role'] == 'Bowler', 'Average'].idxmin()]
print("\nName of the bowler with least bowling average:",
min_average_bowler)

9. Draw the bar chart of matches against number of runs scored

df.plot(kind='bar', x='Name', y='Runs', figsize=(10, 6))
plt.xlabel('Name')
plt.ylabel('Runs')
plt.title('Matches vs Runs Scored')
plt.show()

10. Sort and print information about players by ascending order of runs

sorted_df = df.sort_values(by='Runs')
print("\nInformation about players sorted by ascending order of runs:")
print(sorted_df)

11. Print the names of players whose wickets are greater than matches

players_with_more_wickets_than_matches = df.loc[df['Wickets'] >
df['Matches'], 'Name'].tolist()
print("\nNames of players whose wickets are greater than matches:",
players_with_more_wickets_than_matches)