# create example dataset set.seed(123) x1 <- rnorm(5) x2 <- rnorm(5) y <- 2*x1 + 3*x2 + rnorm(5) df <- data.frame(x1, x2, y) # fit multiple linear regression model model <- lm(y ~ x1 + x2, data = df) # create 3D scatter plot scatterplot3d(df$x1, df$x2, df$y, pch = 19, color = "blue", xlab = "X1", ylab = "X2", zlab = "Y") # add regression plane to the plot x1_range <- range(df$x1) x2_range <- range(df$x2) x1_grid <- seq(x1_range[1], x1_range[2], length = 20) x2_grid <- seq(x2_range[1], x2_range[2], length = 20) model_grid <- expand.grid(x1 = x1_grid, x2 = x2_grid) model_grid$y <- predict(model, newdata = model_grid) scatterplot3d(model_grid$x1, model_grid$x2, model_grid$y, type = "l", add = TRUE, lwd = 2, col = "red")
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R is very popular for data analytics which was created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman in 1993. Many big companies like Google, Facebook, Airbnb etc uses this language for data analytics. R is good for software developers, statisticians and data miners.
Data type | Description | Usage |
---|---|---|
Numeric | To represent decimal values | x=1.84 |
Integer | To represent integer values, L tells to store the value as integer | x=10L |
Complex | To represent complex values | x = 10+2i |
Logical | To represent boolean values, true or false | x = TRUE |
Character | To represent string values | x <- "One compiler" |
raw | Holds raw bytes |
Variables can be assigned using any of the leftward, rightward or equal to operator. You can print the variables using either print or cat functions.
var-name = value
var-name <- value
value -> var-name
If, If-else, Nested-Ifs are used when you want to perform a certain set of operations based on conditional expressions.
if(conditional-expression){
#code
}
if(conditional-expression){
#code if condition is true
} else {
#code if condition is false
}
if(condition-expression1) {
#code if above condition is true
} elseif(condition-expression2){
#code if above condition is true
}
elseif(condition-expression3) {
#code if above condition is true
}
...
else {
#code if all the conditions are false
}
Switch is used to execute one set of statement from multiple conditions.
switch(expression, case-1, case-2, case-3....)
For loop is used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition.
for (value in vector) {
# code
}
While is also used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition. Usually while is preferred when number of iterations are not known in advance.
while(condition) {
# code
}
Repeat is used tyo iterate a set of statements with out any condition. You can write a user-defined condition to exit from the loop using IF
.
repeat {
#code
if(condition-expression) {
break
}
}
Function is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually functions are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
func-name <- function(parameter_1, parameter_2, ...) {
#code for function body
}
function_name (parameters)
Vector is a basic data strucre where sequence of data values share same data type.
For example, the below statement assigns 1 to 10 values to x.
You can also use se() function to create vectors.
x <- 1:10
#using seq() function
x <- seq(1, 10, by=2)
the above statement prints the output as [1] 1 3 5 7 9
.